≥99% PurityCognitive & Longevity
SS-31
Mitochondria-targeted peptide studied for cellular bioenergetics.
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About this compound
Molecular Specifications
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) developed by Hazel Szeto and colleagues. The alternating aromatic and cationic amino acid motif confers cell-penetrating properties and selective partitioning to the inner mitochondrial membrane — driven by the large negative mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ~-180 mV), resulting in mitochondrial accumulation approximately 1,000-fold higher than cytosolic concentrations.
Cardiolipin Interaction Mechanism
At the inner mitochondrial membrane, SS-31 interacts with cardiolipin — a unique phospholipid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane that is essential for electron transport chain (ETC) complex assembly and function. Cardiolipin oxidation by reactive oxygen species disrupts mitochondrial cristae structure, impairs ETC complex activity, and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and disease models.
Published research has documented that SS-31 binding to cardiolipin prevents cardiolipin peroxidation by cytochrome c, stabilizes cristae structure, maintains ETC complex assembly and electron transfer efficiency, and reduces mitochondrial ROS generation in cell culture and animal models.
↗ Szeto HH. (2014). First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent. Br J Pharmacol. PubMed: 24117051
Clinical Development Context
Elamipretide has been investigated in Phase 2 clinical trials for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and Barth syndrome — conditions involving mitochondrial dysfunction. Published clinical data provides human-scale pharmacological context for laboratory model design.
Research Applications
- Mitochondrial inner membrane cardiolipin biology research
- Electron transport chain function and ROS generation studies
- Mitochondrial bioenergetics research in disease models
- Ischemia-reperfusion injury pathway investigation
- Aging biology — mitochondrial dysfunction models
- Cardiac and neurodegenerative pathway research involving mitochondrial dysfunction
Storage & Handling
Store lyophilized powder at −20°C for long-term stability; short-term 2–8°C is acceptable. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water; keep refrigerated at 2–8°C after reconstitution and use within typical research timelines.
For laboratory and research use only. Not for human or veterinary use, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications. Statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Research Disclaimer: The information below is provided for laboratory and research-use-only educational purposes. It is not medical advice. SS-31 is not intended for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, or therapy, and statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Compound Overview
What is SS-31?
Research Applications
SS-31 in research models
Mechanism of Action
Receptor & pathway interactions studied
Purity & Testing
HPLC + mass-spec verification
Storage & Reconstitution
Handling lyophilized peptides
Researchers typically reconstitute with bacteriostatic water. Browse research supplies →
Frequently Asked
SS-31 research FAQ
What purity is SS-31 tested to?+
Every batch of SS-31 is tested by HPLC for purity (≥99% by area) and confirmed by mass spectrometry. The lot-specific Certificate of Analysis is available on this product page.
Is SS-31 intended for human use?+
No. SS-31 is supplied strictly for laboratory and research-use-only investigation. It is not intended for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, or therapy.
How should SS-31 be stored?+
Store the lyophilized powder at −20°C for long-term stability. After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, store at 2–8°C and use within typical research timelines.
Do you ship within the United States?+
Yes. TX Research Peptides ships SS-31 domestically within the US with flat-rate shipping. Orders ship from the US for fast delivery to research labs.
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